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A standard remote control symbol used on many TVs, video equipment and remote controlsIn, a remote control or clicker is an electronic device used to operate another device from a distance, usually. For example, in, a remote control can be used to operate devices such as a, or other home appliance, from a short distance. A remote control is primarily a convenience feature for the user, and can allow operation of devices that are out of convenient reach for direct operation of controls. In some cases, remote controls allow a person to operate a device that they otherwise would not be able to reach, as when a is triggered from outside or when a projector that is mounted on a high ceiling is controlled by a person from the floor level.Early television remote controls (1956–1977) used tones. Present-day remote controls are commonly devices which send digitally-coded pulses of infrared radiation to control functions such as power, volume, channels, playback, track change, heat, fan speed, or other features varying from device to device.
Remote controls for these devices are usually small wireless handheld objects with an array of buttons for adjusting various settings such as, track number,. For many devices, the remote control contains all the function controls while the controlled device itself has only a handful of essential primary controls. The remote control code, and thus the required remote control device, is usually specific to a product line, but there are, which emulate the remote control made for most major brand devices.Remote control in the 2000s includes connectivity, -enabled capabilities. Contents.History In 1894, the first example of wirelessly controlling at a distance was during a demonstration by the British physicist, in which he made use of a to make a mirror move a beam of light when an electromagnetic wave was artificially generated. In 1895, demonstrated radio waves by triggering a gun and sounding a bell using microwaves transmitted over a distance of 75 feet through intervening walls. Radio innovators and, at a demonstration on December 12, 1896, at made a bell ring by pushing a button in a box that was not connected by any wires. In 1898 filed, named Method of an Apparatus for Controlling Mechanism of Moving Vehicle or Vehicles, which he publicly demonstrated by radio-controlling a boat during an electrical exhibition at.
Tesla called his boat a 'teleautomaton'. Mystery Control (1939)In 1903, presented the Telekino at the Paris Academy of Science, accompanied by a brief, and making an experimental demonstration.
At the same time, he obtained a patent in France, Spain, Great Britain, and the. The Telekino consisted of a that executed commands transmitted by electromagnetic waves. With the Telekino, Torres-Quevedo laid down modern wireless remote-control operation principles and was a pioneer in the field of remote control. In 1906, in the presence of the king and before a great crowd, Torres successfully demonstrated the invention in the, guiding a boat from the shore. Later, he would try to apply the Telekino to projectiles and torpedoes but had to abandon the project for lack of financing. The first remote-controlled model airplane flew in 1932, and the use of remote control technology for military purposes was worked intensively during the, one result of this being the German.By the late 1930s, several radio manufacturers offered remote controls for some of their higher-end models.
Most of these were connected to the set being controlled by wires, but the Mystery Control (1939) was a battery-operated low-frequency radio transmitter, thus making it the first wireless remote control for a consumer electronics device. Using pulse-count modulation, this also was the first digital wireless remote control.Television remote controls. The Zenith Space Commander Six hundred remote controlIn 1956, developed 'Zenith Space Command,' a wireless remote. It was mechanical and used ultrasound to change the channel and volume. When the user pushed a button on the remote control, it struck a bar and clicked, hence they were commonly called a 'clicker,' but it sounded like a 'clink' and the mechanics were similar to a. Each of the four bars emitted a different fundamental frequency with ultrasonic harmonics, and circuits in the television detected these sounds and interpreted them as channel-up, channel-down, sound-on/off, and power-on/off.Later, the rapid decrease in price of made possible cheaper remotes that contained a crystal that was fed by an electric current at a near or above the upper threshold of, though still audible to.
The receiver contained a attached to a circuit that was tuned to the same frequency. Some problems with this method were that the receiver could be triggered accidentally by naturally occurring noises or deliberately by metal against glass, for example, and some people could hear the lower ultrasonic harmonics. An universal remoteIn 1970, introduced an all-electronic remote control that uses and (MOSFET). This was widely adopted for, replacing motor-driven tuning controls.The impetus for a more complex type of television remote control came in 1973, with the development of the service by the. Most commercial remote controls at that time had a limited number of functions, sometimes as few as three: next channel, previous channel, and volume/off.
This type of control did not meet the needs of Teletext sets, where pages were identified with three-digit numbers. A remote control that selects Teletext pages would need buttons for each numeral from zero to nine, as well as other control functions, such as switching from text to picture, and the normal television controls of volume, channel, brightness, color intensity, etc. Early Teletext sets used wired remote controls to select pages, but the continuous use of the remote control required for Teletext quickly indicated the need for a wireless device. So BBC engineers began talks with one or two television manufacturers, which led to early prototypes in around 1977–1978 that could control many more functions. Was one of the companies and later gave its name to the ITT protocol of infrared communication.
And Remote controlsIn 1980, the most popular remote control was the Starcom Cable TV Converter (from, a division of ) which used 40-kHz sound to change channels. Then, a Canadian company, Viewstar, Inc., was formed by engineer Paul Hrivnak and started producing a cable TV with an infrared remote control. The product was sold through Philips for approximately $190. The Viewstar converter was an immediate success, the millionth converter being sold on March 21, 1985, with 1.6 million sold by 1989. Other remote controls The Blab-off was a wired remote control created in 1952 that turned a TV's sound on or off so that viewers could avoid hearing commercials. In the 1980s of started a company named. The purpose of this company was to create a remote control that could operate multiple electronic devices.
The CORE unit (Controller Of Remote Equipment) was introduced in the fall of 1987. The advantage to this remote controller was that it could 'learn' remote signals from different devices. It had the ability to perform specific or multiple functions at various times with its built-in clock.
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It was the first remote control that could be linked to a computer and loaded with updated software code as needed. The CORE unit never made a huge impact on the market. It was much too cumbersome for the average user to program, but it received rave reviews from those who could. These obstacles eventually led to the demise of CL 9, but two of its employees continued the business under the name Celadon. This was one of the first computer-controlled learning remote controls on the market.In the 1990s, cars were increasingly sold with electronic remote control door locks. These remotes transmit a signal to the car which locks or unlocks the door locks or unlocks the trunk.
An aftermarket device sold in some countries is the remote starter. This enables a car owner to remotely start their car. This feature is most associated with countries with winter climates, where users may wish to run the car for several minutes before they intend to use it, so that the car heater and defrost systems can remove ice and snow from the windows.Proliferation. Used remote controls for sale in a market in.By the early 2000s, the number of consumer electronic devices in most homes greatly increased, along with the number of remotes to control those devices. According to the, an average US home has four remotes. To operate a as many as five or six remotes may be required, including one for cable or satellite receiver, or (DVR/PVR),. Several of these remotes may need to be used sequentially for some programs or services to work properly.
However, as there are no accepted interface guidelines, the process is increasingly cumbersome. One solution used to reduce the number of remotes that have to be used is the, a remote control which is programmed with the operation codes for most major brands of TVs, DVD players, etc. In the early 2010s, many manufacturers began incorporating infrared emitters into their devices, thereby enabling their use as universal remotes via an included or downloadable. Technique The main technology used in home remote controls is (IR) light.
The signal between a remote control handset and the device it controls consists of pulses of infrared light, which is invisible to the human eye but can be seen through a digital camera, video camera or a phone camera. The transmitter in the remote control handset sends out a stream of pulses of infrared light when the user presses a button on the handset. A transmitter is often a (LED) which is built into the pointing end of the remote control handset. The infrared light pulses form a pattern unique to that button.
The receiver in the device recognizes the pattern and causes the device to respond accordingly. Opto components and circuits. The infrared diode modulates at a speed corresponding to a particular function.
When seen through a digital camera, the diode appears to be emitting pulses of purple light.Most remote controls for electronic appliances use a near to emit a beam of light that reaches the device. A 940 wavelength LED is typical.
This infrared light is invisible to the human eye but picked up by sensors on the receiving device. Video cameras see the diode as if it produces visible purple light. With a single channel (single-function, one-button) remote control the presence of a can be used to trigger a function. For multi-channel (normal multi-function) remote controls more sophisticated procedures are necessary: one consists of modulating the carrier with signals of different frequency. After the receiver demodulates the received signal, it applies the appropriate frequency filters to separate the respective signals. One can often hear the signals being modulated on the infrared carrier by operating a remote control in very close proximity to an not tuned to a station. Today, IR remote controls almost always use a pulse width modulated code, encoded and decoded by digital computer: a command from a remote control consists of a short train of pulses of carrier-present and carrier-not-present of varying widths.Consumer electronics infrared protocols Different manufacturers of infrared remote controls use different protocols to transmit the infrared commands.
The that has its origins within Philips, uses, for instance, a total of 14 bits for each button press. The bit pattern is modulated onto a that, again, can be different for different manufacturers and standards, in the case of RC-5, the carrier is 36 kHz. Other consumer infrared protocols include the various versions of SIRCS used by Sony, the RC-6 from Philips, the R-Step, and the NEC TC101 protocol.Infrared, line of sight and operating angle Since infrared (IR) remote controls use light, they require line of sight to operate the destination device. The signal can, however, be reflected by mirrors, just like any other light source. If operation is required where no line of sight is possible, for instance when controlling equipment in another room or installed in a cabinet, many brands of IR extenders are available for this on the market. Most of these have an IR receiver, picking up the IR signal and relaying it via radio waves to the remote part, which has an IR transmitter mimicking the original IR control.
Infrared receivers also tend to have a more or less limited operating angle, which mainly depends on the optical characteristics of the. However, it's easy to increase the operating angle using a matte transparent object in front of the receiver.Radio remote control systems. The exterior and interior layout of the remote control for a garage door openerRadio remote control (RF remote control) is used to control distant objects using a variety of radio signals transmitted by the remote control device. As a complementary method to infrared remote controls, the radio remote control is used with electric garage door or gate openers, automatic barrier systems, burglar alarms and industrial automation systems.
Standards used for RF remotes are:, (RF4CE),. Most remote controls use their own coding, transmitting from 8 to 100 or more pulses, fixed or, using or modulation. Also, transmitters or receivers can be universal, meaning they are able to work with many different codings.
In this case, the transmitter is normally called a universal remote control duplicator because it is able to copy existing remote controls, while the receiver is called a universal receiver because it works with almost any remote control in the market.A radio remote control system commonly has two parts: transmit and receive. The transmitter part is divided into two parts, the RF remote control and the transmitter module.
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This allows the transmitter module to be used as a component in a larger application. The transmitter module is small, but users must have detailed knowledge to use it; combined with the RF remote control it is much simpler to use.The receiver is generally one of two types: a or a.
The super-regenerative receiver works like that of an intermittent oscillation detection circuit. The superheterodyne works like the one in a radio receiver. The superheterodyne receiver is used because of its stability, high sensitivity and it has relatively good anti-interference ability, a small package and lower price.Usage Industry A remote control is used for controlling substations, pump storage power stations and -plants.
For these systems often PLC-systems working in the longwave range are used.Garage and gate Garage and gate remote controls are very common, especially in some countries such as the US, Australia, and the UK, where garage doors, gates and barriers are widely used. Such a remote is very simple by design, usually only one button, and some with more buttons to control several gates from one control. Such remotes can be divided into two categories by the encoder type used: fixed code. If you find dip-switches in the remote, it is likely to be fixed code, an older technology which was widely used. However, fixed codes have been criticized for their (lack of) security, thus rolling code has been more and more widely used in later installations.Military Remote controls in military usage employ and countermeasures against jamming. Jammers are used to disable or sabotage the enemy's use of remote controls. The distances for military remote controls also tend to be much longer, up to intercontinental distance satellite-linked remote controls used by the U.S.
For their (drones) in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan. Remote controls are used by insurgents in Iraq and Afghanistan to attack coalition and government troops with roadside, and terrorists in Iraq are reported in the media to use modified TV remote controls to detonate bombs. Remote controlled free-flying television cameraIn the winter of 1970, the Soviet Union explored the surface of the moon with the lunar vehicle, the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on another celestial body. Remote control technology is also used in space travel, for instance, the Soviet vehicles were remote-controlled from the ground. Many can be remotely controlled, though vast distance to a vehicle results in a long time delay between transmission and receipt of a command.PC control Existing infrared remote controls can be used to control applications. Any application that supports shortcut keys can be controlled via IR remote controls from other home devices (TV, VCR, AC).
This is widely used with multimedia applications for PC based home theater systems. For this to work, one needs a device that decodes IR remote control data signals and a PC application that communicates to this device connected to PC. A connection can be made via serial port, USB port or motherboard connector. Such devices are commercially available but can be homemade using low-cost microcontrollers. (Linux IR Remote control) and WinLIRC (for Windows) are software packages developed for the purpose of controlling PC using TV remote and can be also used for homebrew remote with lesser modification.Photography Remote controls are used in photography, in particular to take long-exposure shots. Many action cameras such as the GoPros as well as standard DSLRs including Sony's Alpha series incorporate Wi-Fi based remote control systems.
These can often be accessed and even controlled via cell-phones and other mobile devices. Torpedoes. The, one of the earliest 'guided missiles'.Remotely operated torpedoes were demonstrated in the late 19th century in the form of several types of remotely controlled. The early 1870s saw remotely controlled by , (electric wire guided), and Victor von Scheliha (electric wire guided).The, invented by in 1877 was powered by two contra-rotating propellers that were spun by rapidly pulling out wires from drums wound inside the. Differential speed on the wires connected to the shore station allowed the torpedo to be guided to its target, making it 'the world's first practical guided missile'. In 1898 publicly demonstrated a 'wireless' radio-controlled that he hoped to sell to the.was known as the 'father of radio guidance systems' for his pioneering work on guided rockets and planes during the.
In 1917, he demonstrated a remote-controlled aircraft to the and in the same year built the first wire-guided rocket.Vehicles The military developed several early remote control. In, the employed (Fernlenkboote) against coastal shipping. These were driven by engines and controlled remotely from a shore station through several miles of wire wound on a spool on the boat. An aircraft was used to signal directions to the shore station. EMBs carried a high explosive charge in the bow and traveled at speeds of thirty knots. The Soviet used remotely controlled during the 1930s in the against and the early stages of. A teletank is controlled by radio from a control tank at a distance of 500 to 1,500 meters, the two constituting a telemechanical group.
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The Red Army fielded at least two teletank battalions at the beginning of the. There were also remotely controlled cutters and experimental remotely controlled planes in the Red Army.Video games.Video game consoles had not used wireless controllers until recently, mainly because of the difficulty involved in playing the game while keeping the infrared transmitter pointed at the console. Early wireless controllers were cumbersome and when powered on alkaline batteries, lasted only a few hours before they needed replacement. Some wireless controllers were produced by third parties, in most cases using a radio link instead of infrared.
Even these were very inconsistent, and in some cases, had transmission delays, making them virtually useless. Some examples include the Double Player for, the Master System Remote Control System and the Wireless Dual Shot for the.The first official wireless game controller made by a first party manufacturer was the CX-42 for. The 400 series also came with a remote control, the was also produced for the. In the of gaming consoles, wireless controllers became standard. Some wireless controllers, such as those of the and, use. Others, like the, use proprietary wireless protocols.Standby power To be turned on by a wireless remote, the controlled appliance must always be partly on, consuming. Alternatives Hand- has been researched as an alternative to remote controls for television sets.
See also. (CEC).References. James Wray and Ulf Stabe (December 5, 2011). Retrieved January 2, 2013. Us.playstation.com.
D. Sen Gupta, Meher H. Engineer, Virginia Anne Shepherd., Remembering Sir J.C. Bose, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; World Scientific, 2009,page 106.
Retrieved July 21, 2016. Jonnes, Jill. Empires of Light. Page 355, referencing O'Neill, John J., Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola Tesla (New York: David McKay, 1944), p. 167. March 15, 2007. Retrieved January 2, 2013. Popular Science.
Bonnier Corporation. November 1930. ^. Me-TV Network. Retrieved August 17, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2018. May 23, 2012.
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Archived from on January 16, 2008. Retrieved December 3, 2008.
Robert Adler. Retrieved August 17, 2018. Farhi, Paul. Washington Post. February 17, 2007. Gertner, Jon. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
Retrieved August 17, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2018. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. RCA's Wayne Evans, Carl Moeller and Edward Milbourn tell how digital signals and MOS FET memory modules are used to replace motor-driven tuning controls.
Retrieved August 17, 2018. May 26, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2018. 'Philips tops in converters'.
The Toronto Star: p. November 29, 1980. Earlytelevision.org. Seifert, Dan. Retrieved December 28, 2015. ICT Roger Crawford – Heinemann IGCSE – Chapter 1 page 16.
December 18, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2018. Enders, David (October 2008). 'Mahdi Army Bides its Time'.
Sony. Lombardi, Gianluca.
Picture of the Week. Retrieved June 15, 2011. Edwyn Gray, Nineteenth-century torpedoes and their inventors, page 18. Gray, Edwyn (2004).
Nineteenth-Century Torpedoes and Their Inventors. Naval Institute Press.
Retrieved September 24, 2008. Lightoller, Charles Herbert (1935). Titanic and Other Ships. Nicholson and Watson. Archived from on August 25, 2009.
Freeman, William; Weissman, Craig (1995).External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to.